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The First Dáil ((アイルランド語:An Chéad Dáil)) was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 1919–1921. It was the first meeting of the unicameral parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. In 1919 candidates who had been elected in the Westminster elections of 1918 refused to recognise the Parliament of the United Kingdom and instead established an independent legislature in Dublin called "Dáil Éireann" ''(English: Assembly of Ireland)''. The establishment of the First Dáil occurred on the same day as the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence. After elections in 1921 the First Dáil was succeeded by the Second Dáil of 1921–1922. ==General election of 1918== (詳細はIreland was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and was represented in the British House of Commons by 105 MPs. From 1882–1918 most Irish MPs were members of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) who strove in several Home Rule Bills to achieve self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom through the constitutional movement for reform. This approach put the Third Home Rule Act 1914 on the statute book but the implementation of this legislation was temporarily postponed with the outbreak of World War I. In the meantime the more radical Sinn Féin party grew in strength. Sinn Féin's founder, Arthur Griffith, believed that nationalists should emulate the means by which Hungarian nationalists had achieved partial independence from Austria. In 1867, led by Ferenc Deák, Hungarian representatives had boycotted the Imperial parliament in Vienna and unilaterally established their own legislature in Budapest. The Austrian government had eventually become reconciled to this new state of affairs which became the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. Members of Sinn Féin also, however, supported achieving separation from Britain by means of an armed uprising if necessary. Between the Easter Rising of 1916 and the 1918 general election, Sinn Féin's popularity was increased dramatically by the execution of most of the leaders of the 1916 rebels, the party's reorganisation in 1917 and by its opposition to military conscription in Ireland (see Conscription Crisis of 1918). The party was also aided by the 1918 Representation of the People Act which increased the Irish electorate from around 700,000 to about two million. Voting in the 1918 general election occurred in most constituencies on 14 December and elections were held almost entirely under the 'first-past-the-post voting' system.〔The exception to the use of this system were the constituencies of Dublin University and Cork City. The two Unionist representatives returned for the University of Dublin (Trinity College) were elected under the Single transferable vote, and the two Sinn Féin candidates elected for Cork City were returned under the Bloc voting system.〕 Sinn Féin won 73 out of the 105 Irish seats in the House of Commons, their votes 476,087 (or 46.9%) for 48 seats, plus 25 uncontested without a ballot. Unionists (including Ulster Unionist Labour Association) previously 19, won 26 seats on 305,206 (30.2%) votes, all but three of which were in the six counties that today form Northern Ireland, and the IPP won only six (down from 84 in 1910), all but one in Ulster, on 220,837 (21.7%) votes cast. The Labour Party had decided not to participate in the election, allowing the electorate to decide on the issue of Home rule versus a Republic by having a clear two way choice between the two nationalist parties. The Irish Party won a smaller share of seats than votes, as the election was run under the British first-past-the-post voting system, and not by the proportional representation method that is used in Ireland today.〔''Sovereignty and partition, 1912-1949'' pp. 59-62, M. E. Collins, Edco Publishing (2004), ISBN 1-84536-040-0〕 Because of the large number of Sinn Féin candidates elected unopposed, and despite their opponents polling nearly 52% of the votes, the elections were seen as a landslide victory for the party. Once elected the Sinn Féin MPs chose to follow through with their Manifesto's plan of abstention from the British parliament and instead assembled as a revolutionary parliament they called "Dáil Éireann": the Irish for "Assembly of Ireland". Unionists and members of the IPP refused to recognise the Dáil, and four Sinn Féin candidates had been elected in two different constituencies, so the First Dáil consisted of a total of sixty-nine Deputies or "TDs".〔The four members elected for two constituencies were Arthur Griffith, Éamon de Valera, Liam Mellows and Eoin MacNeill〕 Forty-two of these were absent from the inaugural meeting as they were imprisoned or on the run from the British. Three Sinn Féin MPs were elected in the counties that are now Northern Ireland. Of these two also held seats in other parts of the country. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「First Dáil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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